America: resuscitating the English language since 1620
Lynne Murphy, Senior Lecturer in Linguistics and English Language at the University of Sussex
“An American teaching English?” she cried. “Surely that’s evidence of a brain drain?” And we were off, with Lynne Murphy’s gentle, self-deprecating humor informing her talk on ‘How America saved the English language’.
Talking to a packed out room (I think the biggest I’ve ever seen at Horsham), she had a tough crowd of English skeptics (with the odd expat here and there) to convince. As a grammar nerd, former EFL teacher and all round languages fan, this was my kind of talk. There have been several articles over the years about the decline of language and I’d never seen linguistics or grammar approached skeptically before, so I was looking forward to it. But I was skeptical. Obviously. I’m a proofreader and editor and I find ‘Americanisms’ irritating as they creep and seep into the conscious of students sending essays my way. So would Lynne change my mind? I hoped so.
In honor of Lynne’s argument, I have resolved to use American spelling where I can. For the sake of brevity, I’m taking more tips from Lynne and using BrE to signify British English and AmE for American English.
Re DotD, ‘skeptic’ and ‘sceptic’ sound the same. The BrE spelling comes frm French, bt the pronunciation is truer to the word’s Greek roots
— Lynne Murphy (@lynneguist) May 14, 2012
‘sKeptic’ spelling=earlier in English (16c)-which is SO APT considering my talk themes @horsham_skeptics: 1.AmE oft preserves older Eng &… — Lynne Murphy (@lynneguist) May 14, 2012
…& 2. British English likes to be like French. Saying that is my best way to pick a fight in an English pub. — Lynne Murphy (@lynneguist) May 14, 2012
Lynne had come to Horsham Skeptics in the Pub, (noting the ‘K’), to talk to us about the degradation of the English language and whose fault it is. Only she wasn’t arguing that our language was being degraded at all. And even if it were*, it certainly wasn’t Americans who were sullying the Queen’s English. Knowing we were of a skeptical ilk, Lynne made sure she noted this was no straw man argument, quoting English actresses like Penelope Keith and Emma Thompson who used language of the highest emotional, violent and disease-ridden connotations, talking of “SMS vandals” and stating that American English is “savaging and raping” and has “permeated, pervaded and polluted” British English.
Skepticism’s bête noire, Prince Charles, (who is, of course, the Prince of Wales) also got a mention as he has said that only English English is English and lamented “they make words that shouldn’t be”. Anu Garg, an Indian-American author and speaker, bemoaned that the changing English language was “a kind of barbarism”, an idea that many English people may well agree with, despite the hyperbolic association with destruction and violence or primitive and savage behaviours that word conjures.
Other bug bears noted were ‘fess up instead of confess, ‘face up to’ instead of confront and ‘it’s a big ask’, one that caused me some trouble only recently, on Twitter of all places. Of course Twitter is often blamed for the rise in tlkng lke dis in order to save on characters, yet I would have thought that the days of telegraphs, where you had to pay for each word, would have been a prime time to rstrct ur wrd lngth.
So it was, on May 15 (or the 15th of May) that I was convinced that America saved the English language. ‘Face up’ was found from as far back as 1720, where the OED cites Daniel Defoe, the English writer responsible for Robinson Crusoe.
‘It’s a big ask’ is Australian, not American.
‘Might of’ (might have) is simply the artefact of an over-reliance on pronunciation to aid spelling – it’s illiteracy, not an Americanism.
It’s not just the average British citizen who finds ‘Americanisms’ galling (frequently not Americanisms, but the work of language preservationists, as you’ll see), but Cambridge-educated writers and actors like David Mitchell too, who, it seems, was loath to consult the Oxford English Dictionary when he labored under the misapprehension that tidbit was a censorious reaction to Americans’ bashful feelings for the word ‘tit’. Tidbit is actually the original English. See Lynne’s discussion here for more.
Moving on, we come to maths vs math – the one that still grates on me even though I’ve accepted Lynne’s stance on this.
I figured out where Americans put the missing “s” on the word “maths”. They put it at the end of the word “Lego”. Mystery solved. — Dan Owen (@danowen79) May 15, 2012
Maths is not plural, (one mathematics, two mathematics) so why do we put the ‘s’ at the end? We don’t say “maths are hard”. After Dan tweeted the above, I asked him about it and he concluded:
@Tannice_ It should really be “math’s” with the apostrophe hiding the “ematic” part of the shortened word, but obviously that’s sillier?
— Dan Owen (@danowen79) May 15, 2012
Which of course brings all kinds of problem with what looks like a possessive apostrophe rather than one signifying a contracted form of a word.
How about ‘gotten’, then? That’s one most of us find difficult to swallow? Gotten is actually the older past participle and if we reject ‘gotten’ then we must also forsake ‘forgotten’, ‘ill-begotten’ and ‘misbegotten’.
So we go on to pronunciation…. ‘erbs.
Herb vs ‘erb is one that’s arguably the most commented on and noticeable, yet we’re more than happy not to pronounce the ‘h’ of hour or honest. The reason for the ‘h’ of herb being so obvious now in BrE is because of class pressures. ‘Lower class’ people typically dropped the ‘h’, meaning the ‘upper class’ emphasised it so as to assert their superiority. Much as they do now on the difference between ‘aitch’ and ‘haitch’.
Eggplant is another word that AmE preserves, preferring it to the French, Aubergine. In fact, Lynne argues, the British are not, as you might think, Gallophobic at all. We love French and have taken its language and made it our own. We say shedule for schedule (not skedule like in AmE. The original pronunciation in the 18th C was ‘sedule’). We also take ‘ise’ instead of ‘ize’, for words like humanize and standardize.
Another interesting nugget (there were several) from Lynne’s talk was the word ‘transportation’. BrE speakers often complain that Americans overemphasize words by lengthening them, yet transportation was the original word. As it became tainted by its connotations with penal transportation, we switched to ‘transport’ to mean general conveyance of people, animals and goods.
Fowler's Modern Language has a lot to answer for
So, does English need saving? Lynne says no: there’s little to no unidirectional evidence that AmE or BrE are invading our respective shores and taking over. But language is living and Lynne puts herself safely in the middle of the prescriptivist vs descriptivist language debate, something that, as an editor but also a writer, I’m firmly on the fence about myself. As a gatekeeper (whether that’s as an editor or a teacher of English) you must teach the rules and standards of grammar and style, but you must also teach people when style impacts on substance enough that those rules can be bent and even twisted for poetic license.
English has a lot of weird, Kafkaesque rules, many of which are archaic and simply Latin grammar rules imposed when we standardized.
But would English be where it is today, post-war, where over a billion people speak at least basic English, were it not for America? This is certainly arguable and came up in discussion, but I’m willing to bet people wouldn’t still be learning English centuries after Britain started to resent its arrogant (and now inappropriate) ‘Great’ moniker** and lost power over the colonies if it weren’t for America’s (relatively) new status as a superpower.
There were many things to be skeptical about last night, like natural tribal reactions to language differences, but whether Lynne was right on AmE championing ‘proper English’? I’m sold.
—
*the subjunctive: I like it. I might keep it!
**yes, I know. That’s not the derivation of Great Britain. I was making a point about how we’re not as massive or awesome as we used to be, in terms of power over other countries.
Had a fantastic time with the Horsham Skeptics–only wished I could’ve stayed for another beer before my train turned into a pumpkin. I am COMPLETELY HONO(U)RED by this review and the attention (and excellent note-taking skills) that went into it! Hope to meet you (and more skeptics) again…
There are some examples where I’m surprised that anyone thinks they are American (e.g. “might of”), and others that I’m surprised anyone objects to (e.g. “face up to”).
As an Australian, I’m accustomed to maths, not math. But I must admit that expressions like “this page is full of math” (meaning it contains lots of equations) work better in American.
I sometimes think we ought to use “gotten” sometimes. I think it often lends a sentence a more natural flowing rhythm. But because it’s perceived as so American, there’s social pressure not to use it.
For us Australians, pronunciation of schedule is a matter of personal choice: both are common and accepted. Personally, I’m with the Americans.
The “transportation” thing is new to me, and probably the most interesting factoid in your review.
Well covered Tannice. It was an excellent and informative talk. I also agree with Lynne that language is about having fun, playing with the words and making puns out of them. It’s a living breathing thing and rules are made to be bent from time to time.
“I would have thought that the days of telegraphs, where you had to pay for each word, would have been a prime time to rstrct ur wrd lngth.”
Read that again and you’ll see the mistake. (Clue: “each word“.)
“Much as they do now on the difference between ‘aitch’ and ‘haitch’.”
If I have understood you correctly you have “aitch” and “haitch” the wrong way round.
“Fowler has a lot to answer for”: Fowler was a deadly enemy of pedantry, or was something else meant?
I’m a little late to the party, but I found my way to this page because I was searching in vain for either a transcript or a YouTube video of Lynne Murphy’s talk — and it appears that your very nice summary is the best I can hope for short of attending Ms. Murphy’s lecture in person.
As an American I confess I was thrown by some of the controversies Ms. Murphy covers. As with Adrian Morgan above I had no idea the word “transportation” was considered an American abomination, nor that the English supposedly moved to “transport” to avoid “connotations with penal transportation” — an explanation I might as well assert I find dubious.
I don’t think I’ve ever heard or read “It’s a big ask”, though the meaning seems fairly self-evident. I do enjoy the occasional Australian coinage, such as the compliment “good on you” (though it’s very rarely used in the U.S.).
I was also utterly ignorant of the British preference for “got” over “gotten”, which has led me to wonder whether anyone over there ever refers to “ill-gotten gains”. In the United States, anyway, it’s something of an invariable phrase.
And then there’s “tidbit”. I now find myself imagining a vacation/holiday in London wherein I’m in a perpetual state of social panic wondering whether any innocent word I might use will be misconstrued by The Protectors of Ur-English to illustrate something barbaric about Americans and their asinine and puritanical word choices. To which I’ll add an American grimace of exasperation: “Sheesh!”
Before I go, however, I really must address “maths”. Yes, as an American I was brought up to say “math”, so my preference here is predictable. But seriously: “maths” is bloody hard to say — that “ths” phoneme is exquisitely awkward and unattractive as it slithers off the tongue like a hissing snake. I challenge you limeys to deny it.
I’d apologize for my rudeness, but, after all, I’m a barbaric American who doesn’t know any better. Even if I, too, like the subjunctive … and notice with some dismay how rarely my fellow Americans use it.